National Assembly of Quebec Adopts the Charter of the French Language (1977)

In 1976, the Parti Québécois, a party of French-Canadian nationalists formed in 1970, won control of the provincial parliament. Among its first acts was the passage of La charte de la langue française—the Charter of the French Language. Also known as Bill 101, the controversial legislation made French the official language of Quebec and prohibited the use of English on signs and in most commercial transactions. What effect did the charter have on businesses in Quebec? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Namibia Heroes Day

To honor those who lost their lives fighting for national freedom, Namibia has designated August 26 as Heroes’ Day. On this day, thousands of Namibians gather at Ongulumbashe to celebrate. Representatives from all 13 regions give performances and cultural presentations, including traditional praise songs and dances. A re-enactment of the battle of Ongulumbashe concludes with the raising of the Namibian flag, as the real fighters did after each triumph in the war. In Namibia’s capital city of Windhoek, the Heroes’ Acre national monument was erected to honor the freedom fighters. Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Robert Walpole, First Earl of Orford (1676)

Walpole was an English statesman. Elected to the House of Commons in 1701, he later served as secretary of war. With the accession of George I, he rose rapidly to become first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer. With his consolidation of power, he effectively became the first British prime minister. He avoided foreign entanglement and kept England neutral until 1739, when he was forced into the War of Jenkins’ Ear against Spain. How did the conflict get its name? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Philosophical Zombies

Widely used in thought experiments—imagined scenarios whose outcomes are reasoned but not physically played out—philosophical zombies are hypothetical beings indistinguishable from normal humans in all but one respect—they lack conscious experience. This quality makes the “p-zombie” an ideal subject for philosophical musings. According to physicalism, everything that exists is ultimately physical. How have philosophers used these hypothetical beings in arguments disputing this perspective? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

WWII: The Liberation of Paris (1944)

The Liberation of Paris is considered the last battle of the Normandy Campaign to free France from German occupation. In July, about a month after the Allied invasions of southern France and Normandy, Allied ground troops finally broke out of the beachheads and began a rapid advance across northern France. With help from the French resistance, Free French and US forces and liberated Paris in August. Why did the German military governor of Paris disobey Hitler’s order to leave the city in ruins? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Janmashtami

Janmashtami celebrates the birthday of Lord Krishna, the eighth incarnation of Vishnu. Throughout India, it is a fast day until the new moon is sighted. Rituals include bathing the statue of the infant Krishna and then placing his image in a silver cradle with playthings. In Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, where Krishna was born, there are performances of Krishna Lila, the folk dramas depicting scenes from Krishna’s life. In the state of Tamil Nadu, oiled poles called ureyadi are set up, a pot of money is tied to the top, and boys dressed as Krishna try to shinny up the pole. Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Althea Gibson (1927)

Gibson, a US tennis player, was the first African-American woman to compete on the world tennis tour. Though tennis had essentially been segregated until that time, she was finally given an opportunity to play at the US Championships in 1950. Having broken the color barrier, she went on to become the first black person to win Wimbledon. She was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1971. In 1964, Gibson became the first African-American player in what other sports organization? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

The Cool Biz Campaign

In 2005, the Japanese Ministry of the Environment launched the Cool Biz campaign, a program intended to reduce electricity consumption by limiting air conditioner use. Government offices were asked to set their air conditioners to 82°F (28°C), and workers were advised to wear short-sleeved shirts to keep cool. According to estimates, the campaign resulted in a 460,000-ton reduction in carbon dioxide emissions—the equivalent of shutting down some 1 million households for what period of time? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary