The Vestments Controversy

Arising during the English Reformation, the vestments controversy superficially pertained to vestments—liturgical garments worn by clergy members—but more fundamentally concerned the future of English Protestant identity, doctrine, and various church practices. The controversy stemmed in part from a debate about whether or not the wearing of vestments should be required during certain religious ceremonies. The development of which two branches of Protestantism was affected by the debate? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Iran Hostage Crisis Begins (1979)

In 1979, an Islamic revolutionary government overthrew Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlevi of Iran. When the exiled shah was admitted to the US for medical treatment, a crowd of about 500 seized the US embassy in Tehran, demanding the shah’s extradition. US President Jimmy Carter halted Iranian oil imports and froze Iranian assets, but his diplomatic initiatives proved fruitless, and a US rescue mission failed. Fifty-two hostages were held for 444 days until the end of the crisis in 1981. How did it end? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Tonga National Day

Located in the Pacific Ocean some 1,250 miles north of New Zealand, the island nation of Tonga consists of about 150 islands, 36 of which are inhabited. With a population of about 120,000, Tonga is ruled by a royal family that goes back to 1831. On November 4, 1875, King George Tupou I gave his consent to the constitution of the new nation of Tonga. Celebrated for many years as Tonga Constitution Day, the holiday was renamed by the government in 2006 as Tonga National Day and pronounced as an occasion to celebrate the country’s heritage as a whole. Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Guido Reni (1575)

Reni was an Italian painter and engraver whose style was influenced by his rival, Caravaggio. Reni was apprenticed to Flemish painter Denis Calvaert as a boy and by 23 had been commissioned by the government to execute decorative frescoes for the facade of the Palazzo Pubblico. Shortly thereafter, he made the first of his many trips to Rome, where he executed many important commissions, including the celebrated ceiling fresco Aurora. What are some of Reni’s other well-known works? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Mongolian Script

The classic Mongolian script was the first of many writing systems created for the Mongolian language. It is still in use today—having been only slightly modified since its initial development—in China’s Inner Mongolia region. The script was created in the early 13th century, when Genghis Khan ordered a captured scribe to create a writing system. In 1587, a number of new characters were devised to transcribe sounds from foreign languages. In what direction is Mongolian script written? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Using, and Even Just Thinking about Portable Media May Disrupt Kids’ Sleep

Children and teens with access to tablets and smartphones at night don’t get enough sleep and are sleepier during the day, whether or not they use the devices, according to a new review. The review of 20 previous studies found kids using portable media devices … Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce, now The Times of India, Is Founded (1838)

The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce was established in 1838. Since then, both the name of the newspaper and the name of the city have changed. In 1861, 134 years before Bombay was renamed Mumbai, the paper was renamed The Times of India. Today, The Times of India, an English-language daily, has the largest circulation of any English-language newspaper in the world. What is its estimated readership in India? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary