Month: August 2024

Caleb Davis Bradham Begins Selling "Pepsi-Cola" (1898)

Bradham was a pharmacist who invented a soft drink made with kola nut extract, vanilla, and “rare oils.” He believed his drink aided digestion and renamed it “Pepsi-Cola” after the kola nut and pepsin, an enzyme that aids in digestion. In 1902, he incorporated the Pepsi-Cola Co, and, in 1931, the trademark and assets were bought by Charles Guth, who improved the formula and marketed a 12-ounce bottle for five cents with huge success. What did Bradham originally call his drink? Discuss

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749)

Goethe was a German poet, dramatist, novelist, and scientist whose dramatic poem Faust is considered one of the world’s greatest poetic and philosophic creations. In it, he represents Faust, the legendary scholar who sold his soul to the devil, tragically, as a singularly modern figure who is condemned to remain unsatisfied by life. In his later years, Goethe was celebrated as a sage and visited by world luminaries. Goethe wrote which of his novels while suicidal over an unrequited love? Discuss

Subvertising

Subvertising is the practice of making spoofs or parodies of corporate and political advertisements. Taking its name from a combination of the words “subvert” and “advertising,” the act is often intended to sabotage its targets by presenting easily recognizable images that are shocking upon second glance. Still, some critics say subverts, which are often modified versions of existing images, merely increase public awareness of the original symbols. How have subverts been used politically? Discuss

Mars Makes Its Closest Approach to Earth in Nearly 60,000 Years (2003)

In its most favorable position for viewing, when it is opposite the Sun, Mars is twice as bright as the brightest star in the sky. The Red Planet was even more visible in 2003, when it made its closest approach to Earth in nearly 60,000 years, passing within 35 million mi (56 million km) of us. An email sent during the 2003 approach has spawned hoax emails saying that during an upcoming approach Mars will appear as big as the Moon. When is the next time Mars will be as close as it was in 2003? Discuss

Theodore Dreiser (1871)

Dreiser was a novelist and pioneer of naturalism in American literature. After working as a journalist, magazine editor, and publisher, he published his first novel, Sister Carrie, which was denounced as scandalous. In 1915, the withdrawal of his autobiographical novel, The Genius, from distribution on moral grounds ignited a national anticensorship campaign supported by most of the leading literary figures of the day. Whose murder inspired his An American Tragedy? Discuss

Philosophical Zombies

Widely used in thought experiments—imagined scenarios whose outcomes are reasoned but not physically played out—philosophical zombies are hypothetical beings indistinguishable from normal humans in all but one respect—they lack conscious experience. This quality makes the “p-zombie” an ideal subject for philosophical musings. According to physicalism, everything that exists is ultimately physical. How have philosophers used these hypothetical beings in arguments disputing this perspective? Discuss

National Assembly of Quebec Adopts the Charter of the French Language (1977)

In 1976, the Parti Québécois, a party of French-Canadian nationalists formed in 1970, won control of the provincial parliament. Among its first acts was the passage of La charte de la langue française—the Charter of the French Language. Also known as Bill 101, the controversial legislation made French the official language of Quebec and prohibited the use of English on signs and in most commercial transactions. What effect did the charter have on businesses in Quebec? Discuss