Liver-Eating Johnson

John “Liver-Eating” Johnson was a so-called “mountain man” of the 19th-century American West. After fighting in the Mexican-American War, the hunter and trapper traveled west to Wyoming, where he became a legend. According to some accounts, Johnson’s Native American wife was killed by members of the Crow tribe in 1847. He spent the next 20 years exacting his revenge, earning his nickname by supposedly cutting out and eating the liver of each man he killed. Did he ever make peace with the Crow? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Trout Tickling

Trout tickling is the practice of rubbing the underbelly of a trout in order to put it in a trance-like state that makes it easier to catch by hand. Commonly used in times of economic stress, especially during the 1930s depression era, the technique has been featured in works of literature throughout history—including writings by 3rd century Greek writer Aelian, Shakespeare, and Mark Twain, who described catching catfish in a similar way. In what country is the practice essentially outlawed? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Muscadine

Muscadine, a grapevine species native to the southeastern US, has been used in the production of port and fine wines since the 16th century. Recent reports regarding the relatively high antioxidant content of muscadine wines have boosted their popularity. In fact, these wines were found to contain more than five times the amount of the life-prolonging compound resveratrol than ordinary red wines. Why do muscadine plants produce these antioxidants? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Persian Miniatures

Persian miniatures are small paintings with themes that often depict concepts from Persian mythology and poetry. The best-known form of Persian painting in the West, miniature painting became a significant Persian art form in the 13th century, peaking in the 15th and 16th centuries. Likely influenced by the Western and Byzantine traditions of manuscript illumination, Persian miniature is characterized by the use of geometry and a vivid palette. What other culture heavily influenced the art form? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Anomie

In his 1897 book Suicide, French sociologist Emile Durkheim introduced his concept of anomie, a social condition characterized by institutional instability, the breakdown of social norms, and a divorce between socially valid goals and available means for achieving them. The alienation, anxiety, and amorality afflicting individuals who live under such conditions is widely believed to result in delinquency, crime, and suicide. How did the Industrial Revolution factor into Durkheim’s theory? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Déjà vu

A French term meaning “already seen,” déjà vu refers to the feeling that something encountered for the first time is eerily familiar and has in fact been seen before. Although dreams, reincarnation, parallel universes, and out-of-body travel have been invoked to explain the phenomenon, it is most likely due to an anomaly of memory which creates the impression that an experience is being recalled. Which two pharmaceutical drugs have been reported to induce déjà vu when taken together? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

The Qianlong Emperor

Hongli took the title of Qianlong—meaning “the Era of Strong Prosperity”—when his imperial reign of China began in 1735. Ironically, by the end of Qianlong’s reign in 1796, expensive military expeditions and corruption had nearly exhausted the funds of the Imperial Treasury. A patron of the arts, the Qianlong Emperor commissioned a catalogue of all important Chinese cultural works that took 20 years to complete and consisted of 36,000 volumes. How many copyists were involved in the project? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Pharming

Pharming is a type of cyber attack that aims to collect confidential user information by redirecting a website’s traffic to a different, bogus website that appears identical to the original site. By hacking into DNS servers—the “phone books” of the internet—and changing IP addresses, high-tech criminals can automatically redirect users to their phony sites. In recent years, pharming has become a major concern for e-commerce and online banking sites. How does pharming differ from phishing? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Korenizatsiya: “Putting Down Roots”

Meant to counteract decades of Russification—the promotion of Russian identity over indigenous culture during the imperial period—korenizatsiya was a Soviet policy that involved encouraging citizens to become literate and educated in the languages of their people and promoting members of the ethnic elite to positions of power. The policy began in the 1920s under Vladimir Lenin, who used it to spread communism. Who was the young revolutionary who conceived the policy—and later opposed it? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Sennacherib

The son of Assyrian king Sargon II, Sennacherib spent much of his reign fighting to maintain the empire established by his father. Though he undertook many military campaigns, he was devoted to building projects and oversaw the construction of numerous canals as well as one of the world’s first aqueducts. Around 700 BCE, he built a magnificent palace, complete with a park and artificial irrigation, at Nineveh, which became the empire’s major metropolis during his reign. Who murdered Sennacherib? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary