The Saron

The saron is a musical instrument that features prominently in Indonesian musical ensembles. It typically consists of seven bronze bars placed on top of a resonating frame, called a rancak. Sarons typically come in a number of sizes, and each size is pitched differently. A seated performer strikes the instrument with a tabuh, or mallet, to produce a musical note and uses his free hand to then grasp the ringing key and dampen the sound. What materials are used to make saron mallets? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Trepanation

The practice of drilling a hole into the skull to expose the dura mater surrounding the brain is an ancient surgical procedure dating back to prehistoric times. It is the oldest surgical procedure for which evidence (in the form of human remains) has been discovered. Modern physicians continue to perform trepanations, though the medical rationale surrounding the surgery has since evolved. Which artist gained notoriety for performing a self-trepanation and then screening a film of the procedure? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

The Pazzi Conspiracy

In the late 1400s, Pope Sixtus IV, his nephew Gerolamo Riario, Archbishop Salviati, and members of the wealthy Pazzi family hatched a plot to assassinate Lorenzo and Giuliano de’ Medici. The Pazzi and Medici families were rivals, but the Pazzis were merely tools in the conspiracy, which aimed to increase Riario’s power in Florence. On April 26, 1478, while attending High Mass at the Duomo, Giuliano was stabbed to death. What happened to Lorenzo? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Proprioception: Sense of Position

Unlike the classical five senses—sight, taste, smell, touch, and hearing—by which people perceive the outside world, proprioception is a distinct sensory modality that provides feedback regarding the position, location, orientation, and movement of the body and its parts. The sense of body awareness is believed to utilize information from sensory receptors found chiefly in muscles, tendons, joints, and the inner ear. How do police officers use this information to identify drunk drivers? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Damnatio Memoriae

Damnatio memoriae is a Latin phrase meaning “damnation of memory.” The practice was a form of dishonor that could be passed by the Roman Senate upon traitors or others who brought disgrace to Rome. The sanction, a form of removal from remembrance, essentially erased all traces of a person from public life and record in order to preserve the honor of the Roman State. What interfered with the Senate’s attempt to obliterate all records of Emperor Caligula? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Birds’ Beaks

Beaks are horny, projecting structures that form the mandibles of birds. They are generally strong, sharp, and useful in striking and tearing. The beak’s function varies significantly from species to species; it can be used to kill prey, probe for food, manipulate objects, groom, or feed young birds, and its size and shape vary accordingly. Though beaks are worn down over time, they grow continuously throughout the birds’ lifetimes. What species of bird uses its beak to “kiss” during courtship? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

The Wedding Dress

A wedding dress is the traditional article of clothing worn by a bride during the marriage ceremony. The color, style, and ceremonial importance of the gown vary in accordance with the religious and cultural traditions of the wedding participants. In Western countries, brides traditionally wear ornate white gowns symbolizing purity. China’s brides generally wear red, a color of good luck. Why was it considered inauspicious that Mary, Queen of Scots, wore a white gown to her 16th century wedding? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

The Palermo Stone

The Palermo stone is the largest known fragment of an ancient Egyptian stele containing the earliest extant historic annals. It was engraved around the 25th century BCE and includes a hieroglyphic listing of the kings of ancient Egypt, the years of their reigns, notations of historic events, and information pertaining to the flooding of the Nile. The stone was so named because it is housed in a museum in Palermo, Italy, but small pieces of it are held in what other cities? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

George C. Parker: Landmark Broker

Parker was one of the most audacious con men in US history. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Parker sold and resold many of New York’s landmarks to unwitting tourists. His most popular sales pitch was for the Brooklyn Bridge, a structure he sold on a regular basis. On a number of occasions, police were called to intervene as naïve “owners” attempted to erect tollbooths on the span. Imprisoned in 1928, Parker easily charmed the inmates and guards. What other landmarks did he sell? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Ayahuasca

Ayahuasca, or “vine of the soul,” is a South American hallucinogenic brew made from the bark and stems of a tropical vine, generally Banisteriopsis caapi, mixed with other psychotropic plants. Many indigenous Amazonian peoples use the brew in their folk medicines and shamanistic rituals. In addition to its hallucinogenic properties, ayahuasca helps protect the body from tropical parasites and worms by inducing vomiting and diarrhea. What dietary restrictions surround ayahuasca use? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary