Atatürk, or “Father Turk,” began his career in the service of the Ottoman military, but he soon became the Empire’s greatest opponent and went on to lead the Turkish War of Independence. In the early 1920s, Atatürk led a military and political campaign that resulted in the Treaty of Lausanne and the founding of the Turkish republic. In 1923, Atatürk was elected the Republic’s first president. He then set out on an energetic program of Westernization. How did he reform the Turkish language? Discuss
Source: The Free Dictionary
Pankration, as practiced in the ancient world, combined the techniques of boxing and wrestling in a no holds barred fighting sport. According to Greek mythology, the sport was created by Hercules and Theseus. It was introduced into the Greek Olympic Games in 648 BCE, and a similar form of the sport, called mixed martial arts, is still practiced today. Pankration was not simply a sport; it formed the basis of combat training for Greek soldiers. In what ways did it resemble Asian martial arts? 
Now the iconic symbol for an idea, the electric incandescent light bulb was independently produced in the late 1870s by Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison—and perhaps earlier by others. However, Edison has received the major credit for this invention because he also developed the power lines and other equipment needed for a lighting system. Financed by the likes of J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilts, Edison achieved success using a carbon filament in his design. How do incandescent light bulbs work? 
A chemical burn occurs when living tissue is exposed to any of six types of chemical substance. Acids, bases, oxidizers, solvents, and reducing agents can all cause chemical burns without the presence of a heat source. Burns may occur right away, though they may not be immediately evident. Symptoms include itching, bleaching or darkening of the skin, burning sensations, trouble breathing, and tissue necrosis. What substances can produce chemical burns hours after contact with human skin? 
The Ming dynasty ruled over China from 1368-1644. The first Ming emperor, Chu Yüan-chang, had been a Buddhist monk before joining a rebellion, gaining control of it, and overthrowing the Mongol Yüan dynasty. Chu Yüan-chang effectively unified China, setting up a strong centralized government and instituting economic recovery programs. Despite these political modifications, the dynasty never set up a viable tax policy and always struggled financially. What was the purpose of the Jinyiwei? 
Petroglyphs are images created in rock by incising, pecking, carving, and abrading the rock surface. These rock carvings are found across the world and are often associated with prehistoric communities. The oldest known petroglyphs have been dated to about 12,000 years ago, and are thought to have been an early form of symbolic communication or perhaps a sort of “pre-writing.” What is the one continent on which petroglyphs have not been discovered? 
Risk refers to the potential negative impact that may arise from some present or future event. In common usage, it has become synonymous with the probability of a loss or threat. There are different definitions of risk, and its measurement can be difficult, but industries that are risk-sensitive use the equation: Risk = (probability of the event) x (consequence). Thus, the harsher the loss and the more likely the event, the worse the risk. What role does framing play in risk assessment? 
In 1994, Rodin became the first female president of an Ivy League University and was, at one time, the highest paid US university president. During her tenure at the University of Pennsylvania, the school rose to 4th place in the US News & World Report college ranking. She has published more than 200 articles and chapters in academic publications and authored or co-authored 11 books. In 2004, who did Rodin have address the university at commencement? 
Rock, Paper, Scissors (RPS) is a hand game, often played by children, that is used as a selection method similar to drawing straws. Though seemingly random, an experienced and attentive player can sometimes recognize the behavior patterns of other players and use this knowledge to his advantage. The game involves 3 hand gestures, each representing rock, paper, or scissors. Each gesture beats one of the other two. In 2006, US Federal Judge Gregory Presnell used RPS to settle a court dispute; how? 
Sea otters are carnivorous, aquatic mammals. Found in and around the kelp beds of the N Pacific, the sea otter is the only exclusively marine species in the otter family. Sea Otters present a rare example of mammalian tool use. They use rocks as tools to pry open food and as weapons to blind their enemies. Hunted to near extinction for their luxuriously dense fur, the otters are now protected under what international treaty?