Category: Today’s Birthday

The principal creator of the modern classical ballet, Petipa was a French-born Russian dancer and choreographer. He received early training from his ballet-master father and was a dancer in France, Belgium, and Spain before joining the Imperial Theatre in St. Petersburg, where he created several ballets and became chief choreographer in 1869. By his retirement in 1903, he had produced more than 60 ballets for the imperial theatres in St. Petersburg and Moscow, including what performances? Discuss

Fischer was a chess legend who, at the age of 15, became the youngest grandmaster in history at that time. In 1970 and 1971, he won an unprecedented 20 straight games to qualify to challenge Boris Spassky for the world championship. He then beat Spassky, becoming the only American world titlist and winning the lion’s share of the $250,000 prize fund that was then the largest purse offered in any sport outside boxing. Afterward, Fischer did not publicly play another game of chess until what year? Discuss

Michaux was a French botanist who traveled extensively in Europe, Asia, and North America. In 1785, the French government sent him to the US to spearhead the first organized investigation of North American plants that could be of use in France. His botanical journeys through the US lasted until 1796, and he recorded his studies in two books on North American botany—one of which is devoted to oaks. He also traveled to the Middle East, where he acquired what Babylonian artifact found near Baghdad? Discuss

Mondrian was a Dutch painter whose work foreshadowed the rise of abstract art in the 1940s and 1950s. He went to Paris in 1910 where he developed his geometric, nonobjective style, which he called neoplasticism. It is characterized by the elimination of sensuality from artwork and the restriction of pictorial language to its most basic elements—the straight line, primary colors, and the neutrals of black, white, and gray. Along with Theo van Doesburg, Mondrian was a leader of what art movement? Discuss

Cyrano de Bergerac was a French writer and freethinker who satirized the customs and beliefs of his time. He wrote two romances about visits to the moon that are classics of early modern science fiction and inspired later writers such as Jonathan Swift. His swaggering personality, evinced by the many duels he fought over insults to his unusually large nose, was romanticized by Edmond Rostand in the verse drama Cyrano de Bergerac. How much of the play is an accurate reflection of his life? Discuss

Mercator was a Flemish geographer, mathematician, and cartographer who perfected the first map using the Mercator projection, the translation of the spherical earth to a two-dimensional flat plane. In it, parallels and meridians are rendered as straight lines spaced to produce an accurate ratio of latitude to longitude at any point. It permits mariners to steer a course over long distances without continually adjusting compass readings. What map-related term was coined by Mercator? Discuss

Vivaldi was an Italian composer, considered the greatest master of Italian baroque. He became a priest in 1703 and spent most of his life after 1709 in Venice, teaching and playing the violin and writing music for the Pietà, a music conservatory for orphaned girls. Although he produced vocal music, including 46 operas, Vivaldi is best known for instrumental music, including The Four Seasons and nearly 500 concertos for violin and other instruments. Why was he nicknamed the “Red Priest”? Discuss

Tata was an Indian entrepreneur and pioneer industrialist known as “the father of Indian industry.” He began his career at his father’s trading firm but formed his own company in 1868 and had early success in the textile industry, buying, selling, and setting up cotton mills. He went on to establish the Tata Group of companies, which now has interests in steel, automobiles, information technology, energy, tea, and hotels. Tata died in 1904 while on a trip where? Discuss

One of the great Yiddish writers, Aleichem is best known for his humorous tales of life among the poverty-ridden and oppressed Russian Jews of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His works include five novels, many plays, and some 300 short stories. In the last years of his life, Aleichem lived in the US and died in New York City, where, through his work, he helped to found the Yiddish Art Theater. Many of his works have been adapted for the stage, most notably what musical? Discuss

Chopin was a Polish composer and one of the great masters of Romantic music. He published his first composition at age seven and began performing at eight. He moved to Paris when he was 21 and became a celebrity with his first concert the following year. Among the most significant composers in the history of the piano, Chopin’s innovations in fingering, use of the pedals, and general treatment of the keyboard were highly influential. With what French writer did he have a long relationship? Discuss