Last Hanging at Tyburn Gallows (1783)

In 1571, a novel triangular gallows allowing for the hanging of several people at once was erected in the English village of Tyburn, which became so famous for its executions that thousands of paying spectators would turn out for hangings. During a 1649 mass execution, 24 prisoners were hanged there. The site became synonymous with capital punishment and was commonly invoked in euphemisms like “to take a ride to Tyburn,” meaning to go to one’s hanging. Who was “Lord of the Manor of Tyburn”? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Melbourne Cup Day

The only public holiday in the world dedicated to a horse race, Melbourne Cup Day has been observed in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, since the first Cup race was held there in 1867. For those who attend, it is a particularly glamorous event: the champagne flows, huge sums of money are wagered, and the women wear lavish hats while the men turn out in grey top hats and dark morning suits. A six-week festival, known as the Spring Racing Carnival, leads up to the big day and lasts well into November. Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Vincenzo Bellini (1801)

Bellini was an Italian composer who was born into a musical family and began composing in his childhood. He wrote his first opera at age 24 and went on to complete nine more before his death at age 33. His most celebrated works, which rely strongly on beautiful vocal melody and include the operas Norma and La Sonnambula—Italian for “The Sleepwalker”—greatly influenced the work of Giuseppe Verdi. According to legend, what musical feat could Bellini perform at just 18 months of age? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Tootsie Rolls

The Tootsie Roll chocolatey chew has a long history that begins in New York City in 1896. Leo Hirshfield invented the candy as a non-melting, economical alternative to traditional chocolates. Tootsie Rolls were so hardy, in fact, that they were added to soldiers’ rations during WWII. As of 2003, Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc. was producing 60 million Tootsie Rolls and 20 million Tootsie Pops, lollipops with a Tootsie Roll filling, every day. During what era did the Tootsie Pop gain popularity? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Johnny Campbell Becomes World’s First Cheerleader (1898)

Cheerleading first appeared in the US in the late 1880s with crowds chanting to encourage school spirit. The first recorded instance of organized cheering took place at Princeton University in 1884. Later, a Princeton graduate introduced the idea at University of Minnesota football games. In 1898, Minnesota student Johnny Campbell directed a crowd in a cheer—marking the official birth of organized cheerleading. The first cheer squads were all male. When did women enter the world of cheerleading? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Día de los Muertos

Día de los Muertos, or Day of the Dead, is a national holiday in Mexico and is observed in Hispanic communities throughout the U.S. Long before sunrise, people stream into the cemeteries laden with candles, flowers, and food that is often shaped and decorated to resemble the symbols of death. Children eat tiny chocolate hearses, sugar funeral wreaths, and candy skulls and coffins. But the atmosphere is festive. In many homes, people set up ofrendas, or altars, to the departed. These are decked with candles, special foods, and whatever the dead enjoyed when they were alive. Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Joseph Radetzky von Radetz (1766)

Radetzky was an Austrian army officer. After fighting with distinction against the French in the Napoleonic Wars, he became chief of staff and attempted to modernize the Austrian army. As commander in chief of the Austrian army in northern Italy in 1848—in his eighties at the time—he suppressed a revolt in the Austrian-ruled provinces of Lombardy and Venetia, where he later served as governor-general. His status as a national hero inspired what famous composer to name a march in his honor? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary

Recapitulation Theory

The now discredited theory of recapitulation, also known as the biogenetic law, states that the stages in an organism’s embryonic development and differentiation (ontogeny) correspond to the stages of evolutionary development characteristic to its species (phylogeny). Ernst Haeckel, who proposed the theory in 1866, produced a number of controversial embryo drawings to support this premise. How did he interpret the presence of gill slits in human embryos? Discuss

Source: The Free Dictionary